He was subsequently succeeded by Ali ( r. 656–661), a member of Muhammad's Banu Hashim clan, who transferred the capital to Kufa. Uthman's nepotistic policies earned him vehement opposition from the Muslim elite and he was eventually assassinated by rebels in June 656. Under Uthman, the caliphate concluded its conquest of Persia in 651 and continued expeditions into the Byzantine territories. Umar was assassinated in November 644 and was succeeded by Uthman ( r. 644–656), a member of the Banu Umayya clan, who was elected by a six-person committee arranged by Umar. Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, ruling more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire and nearly the entire Sasanian Empire. His brief reign ended in August 634 when he died and was succeeded by Umar ( r. 634–644), his appointed successor from the Banu Adi clan. Muhammad's close companion Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634), of the Banu Taym clan, was elected the first caliph in Medina and he began the conquest of the Arabian Peninsula. The caliphate arose following Muhammad’s passing in June 632 and the subsequent debate over the succession to his leadership. During its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in West Asia. It was ruled by the first four successive caliphs of Muhammad after his death in 632 CE (11 AH). The Rashidun Caliphate ( Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ, romanized: al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah 632 – 661) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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